Frank Lloyd Wrights Plan for a Fireproof House

Perhaps it was the 1906 earthquake and great fire in San Francisco that eventually inspired Frank Lloyd Wrights April 1907 Ladies Home Journal (LHJ) article, A Fireproof House for $5000. Dutch-born Edward Bok, LHJ editor-in-chief from 1889 to 1919, saw great promise in Wrights early designs. In 1901 Bok published Wrights plans for A Home in a Prairie Town and A Small House with Lots of Room in It. The articles, including the fireproof house, included sketches and floor plans designed exclusively for the LHJ. Its no wonder that the journal was the first magazine in the world to have one million subscribers. The design for the fireproof house is very Wright—simple and modern, somewhere between Prairie style and Usonian. By 1910 Wright was comparing what he called the concrete house of The Ladies Home Journal with his other flat-roofed, concrete projects, including Unity Temple. Characteristics of Wrights 1907 Fireproof House Simple Design: The floor plan shows a typical American Foursquare, popular at the time. With four sides of equal dimensions, concrete forms could be made once and used four times. To give the house visual width or depth, a simple trellis has been added, extending from the entrance. Center stairs near the entrance provide easy access to all parts of the house. This house is designed with no attic, but includes a dry, well-lighted basement storeroom. Concrete Construction: Wright was a great promoter of reinforced concrete construction—especially as it became more affordable for homeowners. Changing industrial conditions have brought reenforced concrete construction within the reach of the average home-maker, Wright claims in the article. The steel and masonry material provides not only fire protection, but also protection from dampness, heat, and cold. A structure of this type is more enduring than if carved intact from solid stone, for it is not only a masonry monolith but interlaced with steel fibres as well. For those unfamiliar with the process of working with this building material, Wright described that you make the forms using narrow flooring smoothed on the side toward the concrete and oiled. This would make the surface smooth. Wright wrote: In the composition of the concrete for the outside walls only finely-screened birds-eye gravel is used with cement enough added to fill the voids. This mixture is put into the boxes quite dry and tamped. When the forms are removed the outside is washed with a solution of hydrochloric acid, which cuts the cement from the outer face of the pebbles, and the whole surface glistens like a piece of grey granite. Flat, Concrete Slab Roof: The walls, floors and roof of this house, writes Wright, are monolithic casting, formed in the usual manner by means of wooden, false work, the chimney at the centre carrying, like a huge post, the central load of floor and roof construction. Five-inch thick reinforced gravel concrete creates fireproof floors and a roof slab that overhangs to protect the walls. The roof is treated with tar and gravel and  angled to drain not over the cold edges of the house, but into a downspout near the winter-warm center chimney. Closable Eaves: Wright explains that To afford further protection to the second-story rooms from the heat of the sun a false ceiling is provided of plastered metal lath hanging eight inches below the bottom of the roof slab, leaving a circulating air space above, exhausted to the large open space in the centre of the chimney. Controlling the air circulation in this space (by a simple device reached from the second-story windows) is a familiar system used today in fire-prone areas—left open in summer and closed in winter and for protection from blowing embers. Plaster Interior Walls: All the interior partitions are of metal lath plastered both sides, writes Wright, or of three-inch tile set upon the floor slabs after the reinforced concrete construction is complete. After coating the inside surfaces of the outside concrete walls with a non-conducting paint, or lining them with a plaster-board, the whole is plastered two coats with a rough sand finish. The interior is trimmed with light wood strips nailed to small, porous terra-cotta blocks, which are set into the forms at the proper points before the forms are filled with the concrete. Metal Windows: Wrights design for a fireproof house includes casement windows, swinging outward....The outer sash might at no very great additional expense be made of metal. Minimal Landscaping: Frank Lloyd Wright fully believed that his design could stand on its own. As an added grace in summer foliage and flowers are arranged for as a decorative feature of the design, the only ornamentation. In winter the building is well proportioned and complete without them. Known Examples of Frank Lloyd Wright Fireproof Houses 1908: Stockman Museum, Mason City, Iowa1915: Edmund F. Brigham House, Glencoe, Illinois1915: Emil Bach House, Chicago, Illinois Resources and Further Reading Edward Bok, Bok Tower Gardens National Historic Landmark website Frank Lloyd Wright On Architecture: Selected Writings (1894-1940), Frederick Gutheim, ed., Grossets Universal Library, 1941, p. 75 A Fireproof House for $5000, by Frank Lloyd Wright, Ladies Home Journal, April 1907, p. 24. A copy of the article was on the website of the Stockman House Museum, River City Society for Historic Preservation, Mason City, IA at www.stockmanhouse.org/lhj.html [accessed August 20, 2012]Visit the Emil Bach House at gowright.org/visit/bachhouse.html, Frank Lloyd Wright Preservation TrustGlencoes Notable Architecture, The Village of Glencoe; Antique Home Style has reproduced A Fireproof House for $5000 [accessed October 5, 2013]

Why Teens Run Away When There Is The Risk Of Becoming...

One in seven adolescents between the ages of ten and eighteen will run away at some point (â€Å"Running Away†). People need to pay more attention to the reasons why teens run away when there is the risk of becoming homeless. According to the National Runaway Safeline (NRS) there are between 1.7 and 2.8 million runaway and homeless youth that live on the street each year. It is important for people to know this because it estimates the number of children and teens that runaway and possibly become homeless each year. Forty six percent of runaway and homeless youth reported being physically abused, thirty eight percent reported being emotionally abused , and seventeen percent reported being forced into unwanted sexual activity by a family or household member (Homeless and Runaway Youth). Physical, emotional and sexual abuse are common reasons why teens run away. Teens that are experiencing abuse, have issues with their parents, may develop a drug addiction and often become teena ge runaways. To begin, teens will run away because they have issues with their parents. â€Å"Forty seven percent of runaway / homeless youth indicated that conflict between them and their parent or guardian was a major problem† (NRS Statistics on Runaways). Teens run away because the conflict that they have with their parents is a serious problem. If a teen constantly argue and fight with their parents, it is likely they will run away because they may begin to feel it is not safe to be at home. Also the conflictShow MoreRelatedIs Homelessness The United States?1384 Words   |  6 Pagessomething that can be temporary or chronic. It is when an individual or family does not have and cannot afford a suitable place to live long term. Things like staying in a shelter, one room facilities (motel) or staying with a family member or friend does not mean you are not homeless. 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Wuthering Heights Essay Free Essays

Topic: Heathcliffs whole aim in the novel is to gain revenge. Does he succeed? Discuss Why does he want revenge? Heathcliff through the book Heathcliff’s Revenge Introduction Define revenge Conclusion Body Con’sPro’s The people he takes revenge Did he succeed? Kills Hindley Catherine Hareton raised by Nelly Thrushcross Grange and Wuthering Heights he gambles Topic: Heathcliffs whole aim in the novel is to gain revenge. Does he succeed? Discuss Revenge is to inflict hurt or harm on someone for an injury or wrong done to oneself. We will write a custom essay sample on Wuthering Heights Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Heathcliff seeks revenge for everything he has been through, the hurt, abuse he suffered at the hands of Hindley. Two main subjects push Heathcliff to boiling point: his desire for Catherine’s love and his need for revenge. His love for Catherine endures, as his need to get revenge on Hindley which occurs after Mr. Earnshaw’s death. It is only after Catherine’s death that Heathcliff’s revenge towards Hindley, Edgar begins getting worse as Heathcliff assumes control of Hindley’s house and son, as well as verything that is Edgars like Thrushcross Grange. Heathcliff wants to own ‘Wuthering Heights’ and ‘Thrushcross Grange’! Heathcliff is a heavy drinker and a gambler which is why he gambles in the hope to win Thrushcross Grange. When Heathcliff visits Catherine Linton he realises that Isabella Linton is infatuated with him. Heathcliff treats Edgar with absolute contempt,† Cathy, this lamb of yours threatens like a bull. †Edgar realises that he needs to fight Heathcliff to break down in fear. Though Edgar is humiliated, Heathcliff departs saying,† I wish you joy of the milk-blooded coward, Cathy! † Heathcliff’s plan for revenge on Edgar and Catherine is to marry Isabella, who is ignorant of love and men because she has never experienced either. Heathcliff wants to hurt Edgar because of his marriage to Catherine, and wants to get revenge on Catherine by making her jealous, which will show her that there is no love left for them to be together. This will hurt Catherine tremendously as she has always loved Heathcliff but it degrades her to marry him. Heathcliff is haunted by the ghost of Catherine because he is till motivated by the need for revenge and tries to get young Cathy away from Edgar by having her marry his son, Linton. Heathcliff never finds peace even after he dies. He meets Catherine in death and that is when he truly becomes happy. Heathcliff succeeds to take things from those who he thought had wronged him, specifically Hindley. Word count: 360 How to cite Wuthering Heights Essay, Essays

Wuthering Heights Essay Free Essays

Topic: Heathcliffs whole aim in the novel is to gain revenge. Does he succeed? Discuss Why does he want revenge? Heathcliff through the book Heathcliff’s Revenge Introduction Define revenge Conclusion Body Con’sPro’s The people he takes revenge Did he succeed? Kills Hindley Catherine Hareton raised by Nelly Thrushcross Grange and Wuthering Heights he gambles Topic: Heathcliffs whole aim in the novel is to gain revenge. Does he succeed? Discuss Revenge is to inflict hurt or harm on someone for an injury or wrong done to oneself. We will write a custom essay sample on Wuthering Heights Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Heathcliff seeks revenge for everything he has been through, the hurt, abuse he suffered at the hands of Hindley. Two main subjects push Heathcliff to boiling point: his desire for Catherine’s love and his need for revenge. His love for Catherine endures, as his need to get revenge on Hindley which occurs after Mr. Earnshaw’s death. It is only after Catherine’s death that Heathcliff’s revenge towards Hindley, Edgar begins getting worse as Heathcliff assumes control of Hindley’s house and son, as well as verything that is Edgars like Thrushcross Grange. Heathcliff wants to own ‘Wuthering Heights’ and ‘Thrushcross Grange’! Heathcliff is a heavy drinker and a gambler which is why he gambles in the hope to win Thrushcross Grange. When Heathcliff visits Catherine Linton he realises that Isabella Linton is infatuated with him. Heathcliff treats Edgar with absolute contempt,† Cathy, this lamb of yours threatens like a bull. †Edgar realises that he needs to fight Heathcliff to break down in fear. Though Edgar is humiliated, Heathcliff departs saying,† I wish you joy of the milk-blooded coward, Cathy! † Heathcliff’s plan for revenge on Edgar and Catherine is to marry Isabella, who is ignorant of love and men because she has never experienced either. Heathcliff wants to hurt Edgar because of his marriage to Catherine, and wants to get revenge on Catherine by making her jealous, which will show her that there is no love left for them to be together. This will hurt Catherine tremendously as she has always loved Heathcliff but it degrades her to marry him. Heathcliff is haunted by the ghost of Catherine because he is till motivated by the need for revenge and tries to get young Cathy away from Edgar by having her marry his son, Linton. Heathcliff never finds peace even after he dies. He meets Catherine in death and that is when he truly becomes happy. Heathcliff succeeds to take things from those who he thought had wronged him, specifically Hindley. Word count: 360 How to cite Wuthering Heights Essay, Essays