The Prevalence Of Personality I Heart Huckabees Essay

The Prevalence of Personality The movie I Heart Huckabees was interesting, to say the least. The movie centered around two detectives, a husband and wife duo, who were existentialists. Existentialism is defined as â€Å"a philosophy that emphasizes individualism, freedom, and choice† (Existentialism - By Branch / Doctrine). In the film, the two detectives, Vivian and Bernard Jaffe, were sought out by a young man named Albert, who was looking for answers. He wanted to know why he kept running into this particular â€Å"African man.† He bumped into the man three times and thought that the coincidences had to have a deeper meaning, which is why he went to the office of Vivian and Bernard Jaffe. These two â€Å"existential detectives† followed Albert around (sometimes discretely, sometimes not so much) to learn his habits and get a better idea of his so-called â€Å"personality.† This brings me to the next point, does personality even exist? In the beginning of the semester, we as a class were posed with the question as to whether or not personality even exists. Personality, as described by the textbook, is â€Å"someone’s usual pattern of behavior, feelings, and thoughts† (Twenge and Campbell, 2017). After reading the textbook, Personality Psychology by Jean M. Twenge and W. Keith Campbell, I believe that personality does, in fact, exist. According to the book, personality psychology aims to analyze â€Å"who we [as individuals] are and how we got to be that way† (Twenge and Campbell, 2017). For example,

Racial Discrimination White People - 897 Words

People assume that white people aren’t victims of racial discrimination. Racial discrimination has been around for centuries. Unfortunately, it is still a part of our society. Racism is everywhere and is even the top stories in the news. The way I grew up increased my chance of racial discrimination. To explain, I have a multiracial family and some people don’t accept it. Also, I have friends of different races that often say disturbing comments. Stereotypes play a big role on how people view a particular race. People often use racial stereotypes to define my personality and image. One common stereotype about white people is that they are incapable to keep a good rhythm. Sometimes, when a song plays aloud, people often tell me I shouldn’t start dancing because white people can’t dance. Another stereotype is that white people are insane. There have been many occasions where an individual would do something out of the ordinary and someone would comment, â€Å"Only white people would do that.† stereotypes often give people the wrong idea about white people’s preferences. People automatically assume that white people have a problem with black people because of history. I often get asked the question â€Å"Do you like black people?† Then, when I tell people about my family and that I have more black friends that any other race, they are shocked. A white person’s life style and family is pr obably the most known stereotype. The stereotype that white people are rich and get everything handedShow MoreRelatedRacism : Racism And Discrimination1432 Words   |  6 Pagesnow and in the future, many citizens stubbornly cling to old, outdated and preconceived racial prejudices. For my experiment, I seek to further study and assess ongoing racism and discrimination by discovering and exploring the difference in potentially racist views between men and women (i.e., by gender). For instance, are white males within a certain age range more likely to hold racist attitudes than white women within the same age range? And, if so, what reasons or triggers may be causing suchRead MoreRacial Prejudice And Racial Discrimination Essay1347 Words   |  6 PagesRacial discrimination is one of many terms used to express the suppression of a race or many races, but more specifically, it refers to the ill-treatment a person or group receives as a result of differences in their race, color, de scent, national, ethnic origin or immigrant status. (Australian Human Rights Commission, 2016). Racial discrimination can be perpetrated by individuals within society, and corporate institutions such as schools, the work force and the government, all of which we have seenRead MoreRacial Discrimination And Its Effects On People And Society1653 Words   |  7 PagesRacial discrimination has many effects on people and the society, and these effects are mostly negative. In To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee, the author, demonstrates racial discrimination and its effects through Tom Robinson s case. Tom Robinson is accused of raping and beating Mayella, and Atticus Finch is the man who steps up to defend this innocent man in the town of Maycomb, where everyone was decided from racial prejudice. In the three following sources, Montgomery Boycott, White PeopleRead MoreHuman Rights Discrimination927 Words   |  4 Pagesrights- discrimination against black people DEFINE: Discrimination is the detrimental treatment of different categories of people, particularly on the grounds of race, age or sex. Discrimination occurs when people see black people as threats, when they don’t have cell phones, don’t have any lunch and the worst one their skin colour. The skin colour of someone changes everyone’s point of view; some people can’t see past the colour of another person’s skin. Discrimination against black people hasn’tRead MoreRacial Discrimination858 Words   |  4 PagesResearch topic: Does racial discrimination cause poverty among black people in America? The scene of ghettosThe with poor living conditions of the ghettos in whichwhere black people live is not uncommon., Iit actually manifests a larger picture of racial discrimination which is closely related to poverty. Racial discrimination is about the pre-conceived notion that black people are inferior; they are more prone to violence and totally relianty on social welfare to survive. As a result of theseRead MoreRacial Discrimination Against Minorities Within The American Workforce Essay1677 Words   |  7 PagesRacial discrimination against minorities within the American workforce is evident. Structural racism is the cause of why qualified minorities lacking opportunities, while lesser-qualified White-Americans are hired. This paper will discuss what structural racism is, how it plays into racial discrimination against qualifieded minorities, what can be done to prevent further racial profiling, and briefly touch on the adverse effects racial prejudice has on the economy. Keywords: structural racism, qualifiedRead MoreEssay on Defining Racial Discrimination?775 Words   |  4 PagesFor discrimination to occur both power and prejudice need to come together, forming barriers that oppress a person or group of people deemed inferior. Discrimination can be intentional or unintentional. The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines racism, as the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities, and produces an inherent superiority of a particular race. Racial discrimination refers to discriminatory actions based on race or skin color. Racial discrimination canRead MoreDiscrimination Against Race And Racial Discrimination786 Words   |  4 Pages One of the biggest issue in the world is discrimination against race. The definition of discrimination is separating individuals by gender, language, and race. Discrimination is one of the main reason why the world is divided in some area. Discrimination has been spreading from gene ration to generation. However, some people have been trying to avoid discrimination, but discrimination has been existed since the 1400s. Discrimination against race has infected individuals personal growthRead MoreDiscrimination Lives Within Everyone Essay1013 Words   |  5 PagesRacial discrimination has affected the world in many ways. Historically in the United States there have always been racial issues between the African Americans and white Americans. Most African Americans were sidelined in all areas of economic, political and social growth. Whites were seen to be more superior, which led to segregation of housing, schools, restaurants, hotels, and transportation. Equally concerning, are the instances of religious discrimination that still occur in this countryRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Racism : Segregation And Violence1400 Words   |  6 PagesNegative Effects of Racism: Segregation and Violence Racial discrimination affects many minority groups and this issue still occurs to this day. Racial discrimination is the act of treating others differently because of the color of their skin. Although there have been laws placed to prohibit racial discrimination, racism still occurs and continues to have many negative effects to minority groups today. The negative effects of racial discrimination are discussed in the fiction novel, To Kill a Mockingbird

Desertification In Sub Sahara Africa Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

Without a uncertainty, Planet Earth is merely the right topographic point for humanity to brood in. Planet Earth is deteriorating due to the issues and jobs cause by humanity and natural catastrophes. Earth faces many jobs day-to-day and the effects are huge toward humanity. We will write a custom essay sample on Desertification In Sub Sahara Africa Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some parts of Earth are worse than others due to the irresponsibleness of population. Sub-Sahara Africa suffers from many jobs like dirt eroding, deforestation, and desertification but Sub-Sahara Africa ‘s chief issue is desertification. Many parts in Sub-Sahara Africa face monolithic effects of desertification. In Sub-Sahara Africa the society is altering due to desertification and the effects it has on society and furthermore desertification is easy turning and it is a chief job in Africa due to the African tropical conditions and the sloppiness of the people ‘s work toward the land. Sub-Sahara Africa is one of the chief topographic points where desertification is happening due to the overexploitation of land and irresponsibleness of the population. Using land without superior cognition and good apprehension people cause the land to deteriorates. There are many causes of land desertification in Sub-Sahara Africa and many of them are natural causes. One of the natural causes that root the land to deteriorate is soil eroding. Soil eroding is when the surface soil is take or taken away faster than the forming of dirt can take topographic point ( Welcome to the European Soil Portal ) . Soil eroding happens all around the universe in each twelvemonth. When dirt eroding happens, the good dirts are washed off go forthing merely the bad, difficult dirt left for husbandmans to farm, so without the thin dirt bed, barley anything could turn in it. Soil eroding will take a short clip to destruct first-class dirts where good dirts take highly long clip to do. In Ethiopia abou t one million dozenss of top dirt is lost every twelvemonth where there are soil erodings ( William Von Cotthern ) . The 2nd natural cause of land desertification is draught ; and draft is one of the chief causes of desertification in Africa. Every twelvemonth there are checkerss. â€Å" The Sudano-Sahel part, for case, has experienced unpredictable and terrible drouth, the most recent of which lasted about 20 old ages † ( Lilian Ahianga ) . Drought could last a really long clip and when it lasts that long, the society will be in danger. Over 25 states in the continent have faced deficit of nutrient over a decennary ago due to the long lasting of drouth ( Lilian Ahianga ) . Without rain for a really drawn-out clip, land could be tough to farm and afterward the land will be unserviceable for anything. Draught affects a monolithic sum of dry lands and with several drouths each twelvemonth, dry land debasement additions. Factors like the growing of homo and carnal population cou ld besides do desertification ( Lilian Ahianga ) . Land desertifications non merely are they being caused by natural catastrophes but are besides being degrades by humanity. The over utilizing of land is one of the many ways where humanity could do land debasement. Farmers and workers and utilizing land over and over once more without allowing the land remainder and turn back. Farmers non leting grass and land to turn back after animate being grazed on them. Animals maintain on croping on them until they turn brown or ruddy and are no longer able to turn. Colonial scientists blame the African husbandmans and Herders as the cause of the spread of desertification ( Gregory Maddox ) . They overgrazed of land and fire down forest for Savannah. The 2nd job is that there are excessively many people for one little topographic point. There are excessively many people populating on one little topographic point where things are being used every twenty-four hours over and over once more, go forthing the land no clip to turn. Trees and resources do non hold adequate clip to really turn back. Once they are cut, and are renewing, animate beings would come and eat them. The chief ground is that there are more people who cut down trees than those who works them. The populations are cutting down trees faster than trees are able to turn. Peoples did non let the cut trees to turn back alternatively they let the animate beings graze on them. About 30,000 kilometre square per twelvemonth of trees is cut down ( Aldo Bonincontro ) . Destroying trees increases the growing of desertification in Africa. Desertification in Africa causes many jobs for the population ( Jorn Laxen ) . In Sub-Sahara Africa, desertification plays a large function in the population ‘s poorness. Many people, non merely in Africa, have been affected by Desertification. Desertification has many effects on the universe today, particularly in Africa itself. There are many effects cause by desertification, such as: deceases, diseases and poornesss. Thousands of people die due to famishment. Starvation is the negative result of desertification of land which leads to deaths. Besides people deceasing every month. â€Å" Death in Sub-Sahara Africa leads to the deceases of an estimated 3 million people in the mid-1980s † ( P.C Sinha ) . The affects of desertification could do deceases to countless people. Degraded lands are no longer able to supply harvests, nutrient for animate beings, and even firewood for firing. Poverty is besides a chief ground why there is poorness in Africa. Million of people could hold insufficient of nutrient because of the worsening of harvests yield. â⠂¬Å" The consequence is that Sub-Sahara Africa is the lone part in the universe where nutrient production is stagnating, and hungriness is on the rise † ( Jan Baert ) . Hunger and poorness is lifting due to the slow and small production of harvests. Desertification causes farming to decelerate down and bring forth small sum of resources. Since there is small of harvests and resources, the economic system so will raise the monetary values of points such as rice because they are scarce. This will greatly impact the lower category people ( Lilian Ahranga ) . For every job and issue, there are bars and solution. Desertification must be stopped and authoritiess and organisations have been stepping in to assist out. Many methods had already been done to assist set down debasement ; methods such as redressing of flora screen and commanding dirt eroding. â€Å" The job appears to be a deficiency of cognition and likely besides the economic restraints that prevent the optimal use of these valuable resources † ( Jorn Laxen ) . One the best manner to forestall desertification is merely instruction. The authorities and organisation should give some kind of instruction the population, particularly husbandmans. Teaching them how to farm and to utilize the land decently in the right manner where land will non be destroyed ; is one of the chief bar of land debasement. The 2nd manner to forestall land debasement is to protect the environmental resources that are available to them. If they use it heedlessly and destroyed them wholly, they will h old a difficult clip turning back, and besides it will take them a drawn-out clip to turn. â€Å" Adopt sustainable land-use policies and sustainable direction of H2O resources † ( P.C Sinha ) . Bing able to keep the dirt birthrate decently is besides helpful. In 2005 the World Bank and NEPAD launched the TerrAfrica by mobilising alliances, cognition and raising money for Africa ( Jan Baert ) . Alan Paton, the writer of Cry, the Beloved Country, used desertification as an influence to compose Cry, the Beloved Country. The writer chooses to utilize desertification as one of the chief job to why people moved from countryside to the metropolis. In chapter one of Cry, the darling Country, Paton compared the good land with the debauched land. â€Å" Where you stand the grass is rich and matted, you can non see the dirt. But the rich green hills break downaˆÂ ¦ for they grow ruddy and bared ; they can non keep the rain and mist, and the watercourses are dry in the kloofs.Too many cowss feed upon the grass, and excessively many fires have burned it † ( 33 ) . The book started out speaking about the job of the land as a symbolism that it will effects on the characters in the book. All the immature work forces and strong misss left the topographic point to travel to the metropolis to look for work because the land could give them nil. â€Å" The work forces are off, the immature work forces and the misss are off. The dirt can non maintain them any more † ( 34 ) . Boys and misss left the topographic point because of the debauched land. And because of the motions from state side to the metropolis, the metropolis could non keep all of them. That was one of the jobs in the society that clip, there were more people in the metropolis than the state side. Most of them have to populate on the streets. And that is why there were so many black mineworkers in the metropolis. In chapter 30 the land is still in desolation. There were no rains for the land and for farming. Paton stated, â€Å" aˆÂ ¦the dirt is ill about beyond healingaˆÂ ¦they can non plow or works, and there will be hunger in this vale † ( 253 ) . The debauched land awfully effects the society. It seems like it is impossible to retrieve to its standard signifier. If the land can non be healed, the society as good can non be healed. Equally long as the land stays the manner they are now, the society can non travel on. Thingss will ne’er remain the same as they are if difficult plants are putted in. In chapter 32 there was hope at last for the land and for the society at that place, rain eventually came. â€Å" But it was this for which all work forces were waiting, the rain at last † ( 277 ) . Rain eventually came, and there was hope. Hope could merely be at that place if the people really cognize how to farm and take attention of the land. Desertification happens due to the natural causes like dirt eroding and draft, but largely due to the cause by humanity. Desertification can be prevented if instructions and larning are spread to the population. Teach the population how to farm and how to carefully utilize the resources is the first measure to forestalling land debasement. The society will be in a better form and healthier conditions if the environments are clean and good taken cared of. Take attention of the environments and in return the environments will take attention of you. Citations: â€Å" AfricaNews – Africa: Desertification Threatens Livelihoods – Articles. † AfricaNews.com – Sharing Positions on Africa. Web. 22 Feb. 2011. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.africanews.com/site/list_messages/12768 gt ; . Aluanga, Lilian. â€Å" AFRICA: Human-centered Catastrophe Feared As Desertification Spreads. † Online-Lab | International Institute for Journalism | InWent. Web. 22 Feb. 2011. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //inwent-iij-lab.org/Weblog/2009/08/20/africa-humanitarian-disaster-feared-as-desertification-spreads/ gt ; . Bonincontro, Aldo. â€Å" Desertification in Africa – by Aldo Bonincontro – Helium. † Helium – Where Knowledge Rules. Web. 22 Feb. 2011. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.helium.com/items/1885501-desertification-in-africa gt ; . Mabogurije, Akin L. â€Å" The Environmental Challenges In Sub Saharan Africa. † MIT. Web. 22 Feb. 2011. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //web.mit.edu/africantech/www/articles/EnvChall.htm gt ; . Maddox, Gregory. â€Å" Sub-saharan Africa: an Environmental†¦ † Google Books. Web.22.2011. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //books.google.com/books? id=JFSSMeNTAVkC A ; printsec=frontcover A ; dq=Sub-Saharan Africa: an environmental history by Gregory Maddox A ; beginning gt ; . Laxen, Jorn. â€Å" Rehabilitation of Degraded Lands in Sub-Saharan Africa. † European Tropical Forest Research Network. Web. 22 Feb. 2011. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.etfrn.org/etfrn/workshop/degradedlands/themesdrylands2week4sum.htm gt ; . Sinha, P.c. † Desertification. â€Å" GoogleBooks.Web.22Feb.2011. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //books.google.com /books? id=jZb2Qq9cEz0C A ; printsec=frontcover A ; dq=P.C Sinha A ; hl=en A ; ei=FY5jTanPDYG8ceDn4dwJ A ; sa=X A ; oi=book_result A ; ct=result A ; resnum=3 A ; ved=0CDIQ6AEwAg # v=onepage A ; q A ; f=false gt ; . â€Å" Sub-Saharan Africa News ( SciDev.Net ) | DESERTIFICATION. † DESERTIFICATION | All about Drought, Desertification and Poverty in the Drylands. Web. 22 Feb. 2011. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //desertification.wordpress.com/2007/10/06/sub-saharan-africa-newsscidevnet/ gt ; . How to cite Desertification In Sub Sahara Africa Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Highlights Necessity Or Importance Of Earlyâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Highlights Necessity Or Importance Of Early? Answer: Introduction Early childhood learning refers to the education given to young children up to the age of eight, formally as well as informally. Toddler or Infant education is a part of early learning, which denotes the type of education given to them from their birth to the age of two. It emerged in the European countries, which have high rate of literacy, for developing the personality of a child. In modern days, it has become a very important part of study, as the government bodies provide funding for the preschools and pre kindergartens (Ahmad Esa, 2017). The report highlights the necessity or importance of early childhood learning in order to provide a balanced effective literacy program. Often, it focuses on playful learning, which meets the intellectual, physical, emotional, social and language needs of the children. A childs imagination and curiosity enhances in this way. It allows the development of a childs imagination power. A child gain knowledge and learn efficiently through activities like social games, art and dramatic play (Baquedano-Lpez, Alexander Hernandez, 2013). The report throws light on the detailed analysis of a balanced and effective literacy program, in the early primary school setting for young children. The observations and information are collected from an educator in this field. It further includes the current setting of the literacy program and what more can be done to make it more effective. Discussion Children learn the most when they are young. They adopt all the new experiences, new words, new behavior which comes their way. A childs parents have a larger impression on his/her future. Early childhood learning is the basis of a childs lifelong journey. It proves to be beneficial for the development of a childs personality. It helps children learn cooperation and socialization in order to overcome their shyness and gain confidence (Bredekamp, 2016). Analysis of the Present Literacy Setting Early education given to children guides them to accept and appreciate the differences of the society and become accustomed with those. Children must understand that each and every person is special and unique in a specific way, in accordance with their culture, ethnicity and beliefs. This part of the report contains a brief analysis of the present literacy setting for childhood education, which is acquired after visiting classrooms and interviewing the educators (Brooks-Gunn, Berlin Fuligni, 2013). Shared Reading Program It is basically an interactive process of reading in which the educator and the children share a text and reads it. It helps in building the reading skills of a child, taking care of the accuracy and fluency. The educator reads out the text clearly and loudly, keeping in mind the reading speed, and the students repeat the sentences. It also helps in enhancing the students vocabulary which is beneficial for their future. Shared readings help the students gain knowledge and skills (Bruce, 2012). Reading Aloud Reading aloud is a specific process where the educators select a passage and ask the student to read it aloud in front of the whole class. This helps in building self confidence among the children and enhances their listening skills as well as out knowledge. Children become more attentive in class through this procedure. Teachers must also give stress on their pronunciation patterns (Calderon, 2012). Guided Reading It allows the educators to create small groups and differentiate those in order to deliver instructions of reading at each students particular level of reading. Reading aloud and shared readings are mainly done for the benefit of the entire class. Guided readings help in enhancing the behavioral skill of a student to a particular level (Campbell et al., 2012). Missing Word This procedure of the educators involves the strategy of knowingly removing some words from a particular paragraph or passage. The students are asked to identify the missing word and complete the sentence. This helps in engaging the students into analytical or problem solving behaviors, which in turn, enhances their reading and problem solving skills. This practice helps them from making spelling errors and knowing the right meaning of the sentences (Duhn, 2012). Enhancement of Vocabulary It is a part of balanced literary program which involves the student in decoding the meaning of each and every word. The educators read out difficult words and make the student understand the meanings of each and every word. Phonetically learning words helps in enhancing the students vocabulary and spelling power (Egan, 2012). Interactive Writing It is the process where the educators as well as the students write together. The teacher may write the introductory paragraph, on the other hand, students are asked to complete the paragraph as per their wish. This helps the students to enhance their creative and innovative skills and write according to their choices. It also gives a student full freedom to utilize his/her knowledge, thus promoting creativity (Essa, 2012). Reading Patterns In many pre schools and kindergartens, children are taught in the form of music and dance. It helps them enhance their memorizing power, as the words are repetitive and it runs in their minds. It is seen that children tend to learn more if they are taught in playful ways. Surveys have shown that, it helps children remember things more efficiently and effectively. They also enjoy this rhythmic style of learning; hence, it increases their knowledge and memorizing ability (Gordon Browne, 2013). Instructions to a better setting of Early Learning A balanced and comprehensive approach to early learning can help the children learn more efficiently. Essential procedures must be undertaken at schools and homes as well, in order to have a better setting of early learning. Many preschools lack the basic requirements which result in slow development of the childrens skills and knowledge. This section of the report discusses about the areas of improvement. Following are some instructions to a better setting of early learning (John Sons, 2014). Workshops Various workshops help in engaging the students parents. It helps them know the condition of their kids and how they are improving. The parents must be given a mini lesson on how to tackle their kids. Children must be given independent time to read in order to develop a specific strategy of reading. Parents should be interactive and playfully teach their kids, keeping in mind the childs psychology (McWayne et al., 2013). It should be kept in mind that children must have the opportunity to do what they love; otherwise they will become stubborn in nature. Similarly, they must be given their own time to write small paragraphs, which will help in enhancing their writing strategies and skills, stressing on their handwriting (Lascarides Hinitz, 2013). Disabilities Children with disabilities must be taken care from an early age. For example, parents of a deaf child must be affluent with sign languages, which will help the child in learning through natural processes. Parents and educators must be interactive in case of disabled children; otherwise their learning procedure gets hampered. It is to be taken care that they must not face any difficulty in the development of their language. Many a times, it is seen, that disabled children lack confidence. It is the duty of their parents and educators, to build-in the confidence in them, so that they do not feel left out. They must be given an early training of dealing with their incapability, but in a positive manner (Sandra, 2011). Health and Nutrition Children must also be given proper education on health and nutrition, in preschools and at their homes as well. It enhances their ability and desire for a healthy living in future. They must be given the basic trainings on hygiene and other physical activities for their well being. It is important to educate them at this early stage, regarding nutrition, hygiene, safety and prevention of diseases, in a playful manner (Spodek Saracho, 2014). Food experience Students must receive trainings on washing their hands before eating food. Moreover, they must acquire knowledge on healthy nutrition. For instance, preschools must organize picnics or events like, Fruit Friday, where the students must be encouraged on eating fruits and vegetables, letting them know the nutritional value of the fruits and vegetables which they will bring. Children will enjoy this process, at the same time; they will gain certain nutritional values. They must be given education on healthy as well as unhealthy foods, and the foods they should avoid. Furthermore, sharing of foods must be encouraged (Sandra, 2011). Group Work Children must be given group tasks or group projects to make them become cooperative with others. They must be encouraged in maintaining peace and harmony while performing a group task. They must have the opportunity to mix with each and every group which will enhance their learning procedure. Group works tend to be more beneficial as it helps a child share his/her goals with others (Lascarides Hinitz, 2013). Socialization As imparting education at an early age is a necessity, teaching them on how to socialize with people is equally important. Children must be taught regarding socialization with people other than his/her family, but in a safer environment. They must know to differentiate between safe and unsafe environment. The earlier it is done; the more likely it helps the child overcome his/her shyness and in turn gain self confidence. It also helps in their social development (Gordon Browne, 2013). Cooperation Children must be encouraged to cooperate with others, but in a safe environment for learning. This is more important for an elder child, who may neglect sharing things with his/her siblings. It is very crucial for them to learn these habits at an early stage. Parents need to take part in this, by teaching them proper behavior and etiquettes. It helps them enhance their cooperative skills and abilities (John Sons, 2014). Respect Children must be taught the value of respecting others at an early stage. This does not just mean their elder ones or relatives, but also includes the respect given to the environment, both global and intermediate. Preschools and kindergartens must teach them the value of respecting the environment as well, in order to civilize them and make them a better human being (Calderon, 2012). Respecting Diversity Valuing and respecting the differences and diversities is very crucial for the development of a child. Early childhood learning guides a child to accept and appreciate all the differences of the society and helps them become good and well rounded contributors of the society. Children must understand that every individual is unique in the way they are and they are special with their beliefs, ethnicity and culture. Preschools must teach these values in a playful manner, in order to make them grow as a better human being (Duhn, 2012). Conclusion To conclude, as adults, every day we encounter certain situations, which tests our patience. Children need certain opportunities to get involved in abundant social experiences, which will help them practice and explore the social skills of patience. This should be taught to the children through real life instances and experiences, which will help in developing their patience. Moreover, a sense of well being helps in providing the children with self confidence, self esteem and optimism, which in turn encourages them in exploring their own talents, interests and skills. Positive interactions help in promoting a healthy, secured and positive view of the children, which will allow and encourage them in approaching any situation and problem with utmost confidence all throughout their lives. During the preschool years, most of the children explore new ways and opportunities to discover fresh and new experiences, new environments and new friends. At this stage, the childrens minds are imaginative and lively, which must be encouraged in various ways. Therefore, an educator needs to take care of all these things in order to develop early childhood learning. It is the educators duty to provide challenging environment to the children, where they can gain knowledge through their real life experiences. They may experience tough situations or bruises or cuts, but this will make them strong. This will enable them to cope up with greater and tough challenges, they will face in life. References Ahmad, N. F., Esa, A. (2017). Early childhood education.Psychology, 47787-47789. Baquedano-Lpez, P., Alexander, R. A., Hernandez, S. J. (2013). Equity issues in parental and community involvement in schools: What teacher educators need to know.Review of Research in Education,37(1), 149-182. Bredekamp, S. (2016).Effective practices in early childhood education: Building a foundation. Boston: Pearson. Brooks-Gunn, J., Berlin, L. J., Fuligni, A. S. (2013). Early childhood intervention programs: What about the family?. Bruce, T. (2012).Early childhood education. Hachette UK. Calderon, R. (2012). Parental involvement in deaf children's education programs as a predictor of child's language, early reading, and social-emotional development.Journal of deaf studies and deaf education,5(2), 140-155. Campbell, F. A., Pungello, E. P., Burchinal, M., Kainz, K., Pan, Y., Wasik, B. H., ... Ramey, C. T. (2012). Adult outcomes as a function of an early childhood educational program: an Abecedarian Project follow-up.Developmental psychology,48(4), 1033. Duhn, I. (2012). Making placefor ecological sustainability in early childhood education.Environmental Education Research,18(1), 19-29. Egan, K. (2012).Primary understanding: Education in early childhood(Vol. 27). Routledge. Essa, E. L. (2012).Introduction to early childhood education. Cengage Learning. Gordon, A. M., Browne, K. W. (2013).Beginnings beyond: Foundations in early childhood education. Cengage learning. John, W., Sons, (2014). Reproduction and Communication for educational purposes. In 2014, National Library of Australia, (pp. 97-125) Lascarides, V. C., Hinitz, B. F. (2013).History of early childhood education(Vol. 982). Routledge. McWayne, C., Downer, J. T., Campos, R., Harris, R. D. (2013). Father involvement during early childhood and its association with children's early learning: A meta-analysis.Early Education Development,24(6), 898-922. Sandra, H., (2011). A Contested Space: the dialogic intersection of ICT, multiliteracies, and early childhood. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood,12(4), 349-359. Spodek, B., Saracho, O. N. (2014).Handbook of research on the education of young children. Routledge.

Phan tich moi trng vi mo Essays - DraftVwin,

Phan tich moi trng vi mo S dj tng quat moi trng vi mo Mo hinh nm lc lng cnh tranh (Michael E.Porter ) - Co nm lc lng djnh hng cnh tranh trong phm vi nganh: + Nguy c nhp cuc ca cac dji th cnh tranh tim tang; + Mc dj cnh tranh gia cac cong ty hin co trong nganh; + Sc mnh thng lng ca ngi mua; + Sc mnh thng lng ca ngi ban; + Dje da ca cac sn phm thay th. 2.3.3.1 Dji th cnh tranh hin ti trong nganh Khai nim : Dji th cnh tranh la nhng t chc hay ca nhan co kh nng tha man nhu cu cac khach hang mc tieu ca doanh nghip bng cung mt loi sn phm hoc nhng sn phm co kh nng thay th nhng sn phm ca doanh nghip. Phan loi dji th cnh tranh Dji th cnh tranh hin ti trong nghanh dj i la cac doanh nghip dja va djang hot djng trong nganh , co nh hng mnh djn tinh hinh hot djng kinh doanh ca doanh nghip. Vi d : nu bn la ngi ban cafe, djo s la nhng ngi ban cafe trong cung khu vc. Nu bn la mt ca hang may vi tinh, djo s la nhng ca hang may vi tinh cung loi. S cnh tranh trong nganh ph thuc va cac yu t: quy mo th trng, s lng cac doanh nghip tham gia, mc dj tng trng ca nganh.Doanh nghip cn phi to ra nhng li th cnh tranh rieng mi co th cnh tranh co hiu qu va to djc v th tring thng trng. Nha qun tr cn phi co s phan tich djanh gia vi tng dji th cnh tranh c th, nhng chin lc dai hn ma h hng ti, djim mnh djim yu ca dji th; dji tng khac hanh ma h hng djn dj co dji sach phu hp. 2.3.3.1.1 S tr dja Cac doanh nghip khi tham nhp mt nganh cn phi lng trc cac hanh djng phn ng ca cac doanh nghip trong nganh. D djoan v mt s tr dja nhanh chong va manh lit ca cac dji th hin co th lam nht chi ca cac dji th mun tham nhp nganh. S tr dja manh lit khi cac doanh nghip hin co trong nganh co d phn djang k trong nganh, (vi d, no co cac tai sn c djnh vi it kh nng chuyn dji), khi chung co ngun lc djang k hay khi nganh tng trng chm. . 2.3.3.1.2 Rao cn nhp nganh va s cnh tranh Khai nim : Rao cn gia nhp nganh la nhng yu t ngn chn nguy c cac doanh nghip mi gia nhp nganh. Nhng doanh nghip mi gia nhp mt nganh s mang theo nng lc sn xut mi, khat vng chim th phn va thng la nhiu ngun lc djang k. Kt qu la gia co th b ep xung hoc chi phi b dji len, lam gim li nhun. Mi nguy c gia nhp nganh mi trong mt nganh ph thuc vao nhng ro cn gia nhp hin co, cung vi phn ng t nhng dji th hin co ma k gia nhp m i co th d djoan. Nu cac rao cn gia nhp dj ln hoc k mi djn d djoan djc s tr dja mnh m t cac dji th cnh tranh hin co, nguy c t doanh nghip mi gia nhp nganh s thp . Nguy c xam nhp vao nganh ph thuc rt nhiu vao cac rao cn xam nhp( cac bin phap hn ch) th hin qua phn ng ca cac dji th cnh tranh hin hu ma cac dji th mi co th d djoan .Nu cac rao cng cao hay cac dji th mi co th d djoan djc djc s phn khang quyt lit ca cac doanh nghip hin hu trong nganh thi kh nng xam nhp ca cac dji th mi s thp va ngc li. Tn ti nhng quan djim khac nhau v s lng ngun rao cn. Theo nha

Working Capital and Financial Environment Essays

Working Capital and Financial Environment Essays Working Capital and Financial Environment Essay Working Capital and Financial Environment Essay Imagine the way Amazon.com, the most successful e-company besides e-Bay, financing their operation. In the end of 90s, the Amazon.com have been known as a huge online book stores worldwide although we got surprised to see that the company continued recording financial losses for several years. The way the company could resist despite the losing strict is because Amazon’s strong financial strategy that known as budgeting and forecasting. The reason of conducting budgeting is to anticipate times when a business needs to incur a great amount of expenditure before the company harvests the profits. Any shortage of cash will put the company in a dangerous situation. Furthermore, this situation highlights the needs of providing enough working capital for a company to fund their day-to-day activities. The appropriate working capital also helps the company to finance their product and services improvement, technological invention, network expansion, and so many other things that help them to strengthen their presence and hence position in the markets. Concerning the issue, this paper will elaborate the working capital, intermediaries, and control programs in two companies: Walmart and Target. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Elements of working Capital As explained above, company needs to provide enough working capital to ensure that the company is able to finance their activities. The main sources of working capital are the current assets since this kind of assets are short-term in nature so that a company could convert this capital easily into cash (Working Capital,† n.d.). In addition to current assets, the company also has current liabilities as the results of the company expenses when investing some machines or gadgets to help the company conduct their activities.   Therefore, a company’s working capital can be written as following: Working Capital  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   = Current Assets – Current Liabilities In which current assets equals to stock + debtors + cash In order to ensure that a company could finance their activities appropriately while preventing the company from financial collapse, therefore, they need to plan careful plan their capital structure, which long-term financing of a company such as long-term debt, common stock and preferred stock, and retained earnings. It differs from financial structure, which includes short-term debt and accounts payable and the issuance of the most basic and important instruments such as stocks or bonds (Investor Words, 2009; Harvey, n.d.). In the 2009 annual report of Walmart, it is revealed that the working capital of Walmart shows their current liabilities far exceed the current assets by $4.0 billion since the company reduces the commercial paper outstanding. In addition, the company ratio of current assets to current liabilities was 0.9 at January 2009 and was 0.8 at January 31, 2008. Walmart also describes that they have working capital deficit because of efficient use of cash in funding operations. The deficits are also the results of provision of shareholders returns in the form of stock repurchases and dividend payments. Meanwhile for Target, the company decides to increase the working capital especially in the yearend, which the company promises to peak the sales during the period. Unlike Walmart that reduce the operating costs, Target increases their working capitals through operating cash-flow and short-term borrowings. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Functions of intermediaries and financial regulatory bodies Financial institutions compose of several institutions such as banks, credit unions, insurance companies, mutual funds, and other financial intermediaries. The existence of the institutions aimed at providing bridge of or channeling funds from those people/organizations who have surplus funds to those with shortage ones. Among intermediaries that companies use usually banks and securities that have function as mediators from those who act as the borrower and the lender of capital. At Walmart, the role of financial intermediaries represent is indispensable as the company has short-term borrowings consisting of $1.5 billion and $5.0 billion of commercial paper. In total, the company has particular lines of credits amounting $10.2 billions from 29 financial institutions. Table 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Commercial paper and long-term debt of Walmart Meanwhile for Target, the use of financial intermediaries is also important as the company can continue their operations and growth by using the debt financing in addition to internally generated funds. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Importance of control programs and effective internal control techniques In July 30, 2002, the United States government enacted the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 in response to the worrisome crisis of trust generated by major corporate and accounting scandals. There are debates regarding the costs and benefits of the Act and how it really affected American businesses. The objective of Sarbanes-Oxley law is to enhance internal control qualities and capabilities of public companies in the U.S. The role internal control has been one of the most frequently discussed issue in the regulatory environment, following the accounting scandals that occur in several large companies in the U.S. Therefore, internal controls are responsible in protecting the organization’s resources, and resources of its partners and clients (Kohn, 2004). In short, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 was designed to enhance the qualities and capabilities of internal control, thus preventing corporate failures mentioned previously from becoming ‘common corporate practices’. Besides protecting corporate assets, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act has its usefulness in several levels of corporate management. In the organizational level, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act uses internal controls to enhance the reliability of financial reporting, the delivery of timely feedback in the process of achieving operational or strategic goals, and the compliance to laws and regulations. At Walmart, the role of internal control is also indispensable as the company has listed their share in stock exchange in which it would increase the investors’ belief over the company’s operations. In their 2009 annual report, the company reveals that in order to comply with the requirements of Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), Wal-Mart stores set up internal control based on the criteria issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of Treadway Commission. At Target, the role of internal control is also indispensable as the company decides to provide the comprehensive systems of internal control that would lead to reasonable assets assurances. In addition the Audit Committees also pay attention to the system of internal control that consists of accounting practices, financial reporting, and audits to ensure that they are sufficient to protect the shareholders’ investments.

CORPORATE FINANCE CASE ASSIGNMEN 3 Risk and return, portfolio Essay

CORPORATE FINANCE CASE ASSIGNMEN 3 Risk and return, portfolio diversification and the Capital Asset Pricing Model; The cost of equity - Essay Example It depends on the risk involved in that investment. Hence the investment decision is dependent on the returns, the risk involved (amount of uncertainty in generating the expected returns) and also the investor’s utility indifference (attitude towards risk and expected returns). A risk averse individual will always aim to reduce the risk involved in his investments and ensure a high return. The investor, in light of the level of risk tolerance, must establish specific return objectives. On the basis of these objectives, he/she can opt for a varied portfolio of investments. Diversification is a way to limit or reduce the risk. Diversification is the balancing act in which the risk-return tradeoffs are adjusted. This implies the concept of relativism and indicates that it is superior to that of absolutism (Ware). Owning a number of investments can reduce the risk involved in an investment. This is called portfolio diversification. This could be by owning shares in a number of different countries or by investing in different asset classes such as fixed interest or property (Bekiaris). Investing in a wider range of domestic stocks and cash, short, mid and long-term bonds, foreign currency-denominated bonds, equity sectors, foreign stocks and emerging market sto cks can reduce the risks involved in the investment (Donald). As mentioned earlier, there are three methods that can be used to estimate the rate of return for Federal Express. These include, Dividend Growth, CAPM, and APT. The Dividend growth model is one which requires the current dividend rate, the constant growth rate of the dividend and the required rate of return. Here in this model a summing of the infinite series is done to get the value of the current price. This model also requires a few more details that need to be provided in order to compute the arithmetical calculation. These include the value of ‘g’, the current rate of return‘d’. One of the biggest drawbacks of this

Legal Issues in HR Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Legal Issues in HR Management - Essay Example â€Å"Unfortunately, the bottom line for most companies is not whether but rather when you’ll be faced with a legal issue involving an employee† (Weisbord et al, 1995). The main thing is to take a practical, precautionary approach so the company can lessen the possibility of being prosecuted. Faced with fixed financial plans as well as financial stress, businesses fail to identify the significance of guiding their managers. The majority of service claims involves a front-line manager’s behavior, either for the reason that the manager was unable to guide by example and busy in bad behavior, or the manager did not recognize how to deal with a workplace concern properly. Training the managers about essential employment law ideas and the way to be a successful manager is very significant. Another issue is that companies overlook to carry out periodic analyses of their human resources strategies and practices to guarantee that they are advanced and in accordance with the legal requirements. Reviewing the human resources and payroll functions within the business has never been more vital. For instance, the â€Å"Department of Labor’s Wage and Hour Division has become more aggressive in looking at whether exempt employees are properly classified and if overtime is being calculated correctly† (Getwood, 2007) . ... Payroll is an extremely synchronized and difficult task. It takes significant understanding as well as effort to give salaries in the approved manner and promptly. Yet workers look ahead to their paychecks to be done correctly and given promptly. If not, the business can have severe morale and legal setbacks. Set of laws having an effect on payroll incorporate the ‘Fair Labor Standards Act’ which controls overtime salary obligations, the IRS which controls income tax maintenance, and other national and state laws which legalize ‘state income tax withholding’, employees payment premiums, and unemployment indemnity. â€Å"Payroll record keeping is also critical for, among other reasons, the issuance of W2 forms at the end of the year† (Weisbord et al, 1995). Outsourcing payroll is an outstanding solution to the legal agreement concerns. The payroll services can give support in working with the law and, in most instances, fulfilling legal necessities. Fe deral OSHA standards have four main groups: general trade, building, marine, and cultivation. While a few standards are particular to only one group, others relate across industries. With the standards having similar conditions for every division of industry are those that deal with the access to medical and exposure account, personal defensive equipment, and communication about risk. Access to medicinal and exposure account requires the company to give the worker right to use to any medical report the company maintains relating to that worker, together with any report regarding the worker's contact to lethal substances. Personal defensive tools require companies to give workers with

Nazi Holocaust Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nazi Holocaust - Essay Example The essay "Nazi Holocaust" will help to understand the graphic nature of the Holocaust, and the reader can picture the events in his mind based on the explanation given. The book Night recalls the occurrences in the town of Sighet, Transylvania in Northern Romania. At the very beginning, we get introduced to the twelve-year-old Eli back in 1941. The historic expulsion of all Jew from Sighet gets vividly explained in the book. The Hungarian police rounded up all foreign Jews and bundled them up into waiting vehicles in full public glare. Rumor mills purported that these Jews got taken to Galicia where they became happy and got formally employed. These reports later got challenged by an escapee, Moshe the Beadle, who told of the Gestapo and how the Jews got killed each day. He explained that the Jews got led to a forest where they got forced to dig trenches before they got shot and buried. Babies, he explained, got tossed in the air and used for target practice. Moshe had escaped after getting a shot at the leg and mistaken to be dead. The Jews ignored Moshe’s warning with some saying that he was mentally unstable (Wiesel 21). As soon as the Fascist took over control of the government, Nazi soldiers took to the streets of Sighet where they rounded up all Jews including Eli and his family. Elis family got put in a cattle wagon after receiving a stern warning that anyone who dared to escape would be killed. They got transported to Auschwitz. Upon arrival, men and women got separated. Eli and his father got whisked away separately, while Hilda, Elis mother and Tzipora got led straight to the gas chamber. Eli tried to remain vigilant the rest of the night in the concentration camp never losing sight of his father. He feared that if they got separated, that would be the last he would ever see of him (Wiesel 22). On their first night at Auschwitz, Eli and his father got put in line ready to be thrown into the fire furnace. They both watched trucks loading up children that were to be delivered into the fire (Wiesel 19). Elis father chanted the prayer for the dead, commonly known in Jewish circles as Kaddish. He m ade the prayer for them too in anticipation of the inevitable. They survived the night and got ordered back to their barracks. Sometimes the whole camp got forced to watch hangings of children. Eli graphically explains this when he says the child’s eyes were still clear, and his tongue was still pink (Wiesel 23). Eli and his father got moved to Auschwitz II form Birkenau in 1945. This was a work camp with reduced cases of violence. Eli explains that they were in constant search of food, saying that they were worse than corpses. After American and soviet bombing of the concentration camps, 60,000 Jews including Eli and his father got moved back to Germany in what gets commonly referred to as the death march. They got bundled up in trains to Auschwitz where many of them lost their lives due to congestion. They literally lay on top of others, occasionally throwing out dead bodies each morning. This train journey marked their symbolic journey to freedom as the Soviets liberated A uschwitz (Wiesel 65). Maus, on the other hand, gets divided between the present interviewing sessions where Spiegelman interviews his father and the past, where Vladek recounts his experiences between the mid 1930s and 1945, when the Holocaust ended. The book recount details of the marriage union between Vladek and his wife, Anja. Vladek got captured as a war prisoner due to escalating racist and political tensions. He got shocked to find out that Sosnowiec got placed under German siege when he got released. Vladek got released on the Polish Protectorate side of the

Healing in Medicine: Norman Bethune

Healing in Medicine: Norman Bethune The True Spirit of Healing in Medicine: Norman Bethune Introduction Henry Norman Bethune was a Canadian doctor who became famous for his selfless service of people in the Second Sino-Japanese War. His service endeared him to Mao Zedong, who hailed him as a communist and supporter of the Chinese people’s efforts for liberation. Even today, Bethune’s popularity in China stands undisputed with his statues present all over the country. There is no doubt that Bethune had in him the true spirit of healing, a unique spirit, because doctors often perceive their professions as scientific pursuits or even money making endeavors. This is illustrated in the manner in which pharmaceutical companies and doctors work hand in hand to achieve profits and market prominence by selling medicines. Bethune’s dedication to his profession was illustrated in the manner in which he served in the World War I and the Spanish Civil War before his stint in the Sino-Japanese War, in spite of his open contention that wars were meant to make profits (Shepherd an d Là ©vesque 147). He was known repeatedly state that â€Å"the private economic profit† (Clarkson 40; Stewart and Stewart 317; Wilson 75) should have no place in medicine. In addition, he was also a proficient inventor, who designed and altered several surgical instruments, such as the portable blood transfusion system he developed in the Spanish Civil War (Stewart and Stewart 92, 95). Moreover, many of his inventions continue to be in use today (Stewart and Stewart 92, 95). It is also notable that while Bethune passionately and dedicatedly adhered to his professional ideals, he also had clear political ideologies. In the Spanish Civil War, he sided with the democratic republic and during the Second Sino-Japanese War, he sided with the rural population in China and accepted communism as opposed to Imperialism. However, today he is heralded in China for his communist ethoses, which were very different from the communism that was practiced in China under Mao Zedong. This pape r contends that Bethune was not simply a doctor by profession but also a healer at heart who formed political ideals according to the welfare of humanity, and thus, his image as a communist leader in and outside China might be somewhat misconstrued. Discussion Bethune’s ideology behind traveling all the way to China in 1938 and to serve the people in the Sino-Japanese War was to aid the suffering and poor people there. This was in line with his endeavors in his life thus far, that is, in World War I and the Spanish Civil War. He also carried out crisis surgical procedures on the casualties in the war as well as instituted training for medical personnel for the same (Stewart and Stewart 32). He also refused to treat the casualties by considering their race, culture, political side, or even the side in the war (Stewart and Stewart 32). Clearly, he was dedicated to the cause of serving his patients, irrespective of the social conditions. As a doctor, he treated the people who were suffering and sick. He was also believed in the communist ideologies, that is, those that had been propounded by Marx and was a member of the Canadian Communist Party (Stewart and Stewart 124). This was in spite of the fact that in those days, it was illegal to be a part of the communist party in Canada (Stewart and Stewart 124). However, this was naturally because of the conflicts between what would become the allied and axis powers in the World War II. In fact, most people in Canada associated communism with Stalinist and Nazi policies of control (Stewart and Stewart 371). Moreover, the United States’ staunch anti-communist policies must have also influenced the Canadian policies. However, in Bethune’s philosophy, the poor, proletariats, who were subjugated under capitalism or were the casualties in war, should be side he supports. Consequently, he became a part of the communist party in Canada, because he believed in Marxist philosophies, which communists promised to practice. Clearly, his political ideology was founded in his dedication to his professional and moral ideal of serving the suffering and the weak. When Mao Zedong welcomed Bethune as a communist comrade, he was impressed with Bethune’s dedication to the communist ideals. Bethune illustrated his ideals with his dedication to his profession and by serving in the frontlines in the war. As mentioned before, this was not different from the manner in which he served in World War I and the Spanish Civil War. However, Mao interpreted Bethune’s work and ideologies as his dedication to the communist cause and the cause of the people. It must be remembered that under Mao’s rule, there was no growth of the proletariats and the Chinese economy collapsed as all the contributing members to the economy, such as, doctors, owners of industries, and lawyers were banished from their jobs to serve in the rural areas. In such conditions, the overall suffering, illness, and pain experienced by the Chinese people were probably worse if not as bad as in Imperial China. Although Bethune died in China of blood poisoning, while servin g in the Second Sino-Japanese War, he was, nevertheless, unaware of the true ethos of the brand of communism that would be practiced by Mao. Considering his ideals, he would have probably never wanted to be a part of this kind of communism. Ultimately, Bethune was a man who wanted to serve the people and not simply have a political ideal, where personal and profit goals were in focus. Today, it can be said that communism and democracy have both failed in the ability to separate the profit making processes from the social serving ones. Given these facts, Bethune would have probably sought to be a part of a more humanitarian political ideology. Notably, Bethune’s legacy rests on the fact that Mao published an essay on him—In the Memory of Norman Bethune in 1939—for unselfishly serving in the Second Sino-Japanese War. This essay was considered essential reading in Chinese schools then and even today, students are required to be familiar with this essay. Indeed, the philosophy of the essay is in tune with Bethune’s philosophies. Consider the following excerpt from the essay: We Chinese Communists must also follow this line in our practice. We must unite with the proletariat of all the capitalist countries, with the proletariat of Japan, Britain, the United States, Germany, Italy and all other capitalist countries, for this is the only way to overthrow imperialism, to liberate our nation and people and to liberate the other nations and peoples of the world (Tse-tung) Clearly, Bethune would have been glad to be associated with such ideologies. He expressed his views on his profession by stating that, â€Å"medicine, as we are practising it, is a luxury trade† (Allan and Gordon 130). He further abhorred the use of monetary ends in practicing medicine and believed individualism, which is always associated with democracy and never with communism, as the reason for such a state of affairs (Allan and Gordon 130). However, Bethune died well before the Chinese Cultural Revolution of the 1960s started. This was a time when millions of Chinese died because communism had turned to totalitarianism (Yan and Gao 2). The death toll in the Chinese Cultural Revolution has not been released by the Chinese government until date (Yan and Gao 2). However, this was a time when people were ruthlessly massacred by governmental encouragement of mobs and by authorized attacks on civilian populations by military personnel (Yan and Gao 2). Moreover, the anti-democrac y stand Bethune held would have probably been shaken if he had lived to experience the shock the world felt when the truth that Hitler carried out genocides in Germany was publicly known and acknowledged after World War II. However, since he never lived to experience such events, and thoroughly believed communism to be anti-exploitation, he stood by it while practicing his medical ideologies. It can also be recalled that Bethune was virtually unknown in Canada well after he died. Canadians and the rest of the Western world did not know about him until 1952, when Ted Allan and Sydney Gordon published their book, The Scalpel, the Sword: The Story of Doctor Norman Bethune (a new version is mentioned in the works cited section of this paper). However, unfortunately, they hailed him as a communist hero in this book. However, the timing could not have been worse, because in this Cold War era, anti-communist feelings thrived in Canada (Stewart and Stewart 327). Thus, Bethune’s contributions to science and his altruism were well forgotten until much later. Only in the past few decades, especially since China has cautiously opened its doors to the western world for trade has Bethune’s abilities and work been acknowledged. Today it is known that Bethune was among the original advocates of socialized medicine, which is in high demand in Canada and in the rest of wester n world—the Obamacare policies next door are perhaps the best examples of this. Bethune also formed the Montreal Group for the Security of People’s Health (Stewart and Stewart 371), which established the need for socialized medicine. Bethune has also visited the Soviet Union to understand and learn about socialized medicine (Stewart and Stewart 122). Such endeavors eased his way into the political ideology that was communism and thus, he became a part of the Communist Party of Canada. In the most unbeknownst manner, he became a part of a political thought that defied the altruism fundamental to his ideologies. Conclusion This paper illustrated the manner in which Bethune contributed toward the development of medicine and struggled to treat the injured and the sick as a doctor. Undeniably, he endeavoured to achieve his professional idealism through his research and treatment as in shown by his inventions. Similarly, as became aware of the social and economic characteristics of disease, he adopted a political thought that he believed cared for the proletariats and the suffering as he did. However, he was not well informed about the nature of such communism or even to of democracy. As time showed, both were capable of exploitation, and in fact, communism enabled totalitarianism—a concept that Bethune would have definitely abhorred considering his ideologies. It can be thus concluded from the facts presented in this paper that Bethune was indeed a dedicated doctor, who truly adhered by the Hippocratic Oath as well as formed political ideals keeping the welfare of humanity in mind. However, his ima ge as a communist leader in and outside China has been misconstrued over the years, since he died well before the harms of communism were experienced by the world. Work Cited Allan, Ted and Sydney Gordon. The Story of Doctor Norman Bethune. Dundurn Press: Dundurn. 2009. Print. Clarkson, Adrienne. Extraordinary Canadians: Norman Bethune. Toronto: Penguin Canada. 2009. Print. Stewart, Roderick and Stewart, Sharon. Phoenix: The Life of Norman Bethune. Toronto: McGill-Queen’s Press . Shephard, David A. E, and AndreÃÅ' e LeÃÅ' vesque. Norman Bethune: His Times and His Legacy. Ottawa, Ontario: Published by the Canadian Public Health Association, 1982. Print. Tse-tung, Mao. In Memory of Norman Bethune. 1939. Web. Accessed on April 15, 2015 from https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-2/mswv2_25.htm. Wilson, John. Norman Bethune. Dundurn: Dundurn Press. 1999. Print. Yan, Jiaqi, and Gao Gao. Turbulent Decade: A History of the Cultural Revolution. Honolulu: Univ. of Hawaii Press, 1996. Print.

The Empiricist Journey of Young Goodman Brown Essays -- Young Goodman

The Empiricist Journey of Young Goodman Brown  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   In the late 17th century, John Locke was one of the most influential people of his age. He was a renowned philosopher who established radical ideas about the political, social, and psychological ideals of mankind. One of his philosophical ideas, which he is said to be the founder of, is British Empiricism. This idea holds that "all knowledge is derived from experience whether of the mind or the senses" ("Empiricism" 480). In any man’s life, there arises such a point in time where he comes to the realization that there is a sense of evil in the world. Whether it is by something as subtle as locking the door at night before going to bed or being directly confronted at gun point as a man demands your tennis shoes, at some point man will realize that the innocence of his childhood does not last forever. Locke believed that people gain knowledge from their own personal experience. For Young Goodman Brown, this experience comes with his journey into the forest with the fellow traveler as chronicled in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s short story. Initially, Brown was, as his namesake foretells, a "young, good man" who believes in man’s basic goodness, yet within the inner desires of his heart wishes to see what all the world had to offer. Therefore, he set off on a "journey" into the forest to explore the world of this unknown evil. The story of "Young Goodman Brown" is a classic example of the empiricist ideas of Locke in how the intrigues of the unknown beckoned Young Brown as he experienced the transition between his initial idea of man’s basic goodness to the reality that evil exists in the heart of every man. However, before we can analyze Young Goodman Brown’s journey in the for... ...h he knows little about. Works Cited Brown, Vivenne. "The ‘Figure’ of God and the Limits to Liberalism: A Rereading of Locke’s ‘Essay’ and ‘Two Treatises’". Journal of the History of Ideas 60.1 (1999): 85. "Empiricism." New Encyclopaedia Brittanica. 1998 ed. Volume 4, 480. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. "Young Goodman Brown." The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. Ed. Michael Meyer. 5th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2000. 268-276. Locke, John. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. New York: Penguin, 1974. Meyer, Michael, ed. "A Study of Three Authors: Nathaniel Hawthorne, Flannery O’Connor, and Alice Munro." The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. 5th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2000. 267. Tritt, Michael. "‘Young Goodman Brown’ and the Psychology of Projection". Studies in Short Fiction. 23 (1996): 113-117.    The Empiricist Journey of Young Goodman Brown Essays -- Young Goodman The Empiricist Journey of Young Goodman Brown  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   In the late 17th century, John Locke was one of the most influential people of his age. He was a renowned philosopher who established radical ideas about the political, social, and psychological ideals of mankind. One of his philosophical ideas, which he is said to be the founder of, is British Empiricism. This idea holds that "all knowledge is derived from experience whether of the mind or the senses" ("Empiricism" 480). In any man’s life, there arises such a point in time where he comes to the realization that there is a sense of evil in the world. Whether it is by something as subtle as locking the door at night before going to bed or being directly confronted at gun point as a man demands your tennis shoes, at some point man will realize that the innocence of his childhood does not last forever. Locke believed that people gain knowledge from their own personal experience. For Young Goodman Brown, this experience comes with his journey into the forest with the fellow traveler as chronicled in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s short story. Initially, Brown was, as his namesake foretells, a "young, good man" who believes in man’s basic goodness, yet within the inner desires of his heart wishes to see what all the world had to offer. Therefore, he set off on a "journey" into the forest to explore the world of this unknown evil. The story of "Young Goodman Brown" is a classic example of the empiricist ideas of Locke in how the intrigues of the unknown beckoned Young Brown as he experienced the transition between his initial idea of man’s basic goodness to the reality that evil exists in the heart of every man. However, before we can analyze Young Goodman Brown’s journey in the for... ...h he knows little about. Works Cited Brown, Vivenne. "The ‘Figure’ of God and the Limits to Liberalism: A Rereading of Locke’s ‘Essay’ and ‘Two Treatises’". Journal of the History of Ideas 60.1 (1999): 85. "Empiricism." New Encyclopaedia Brittanica. 1998 ed. Volume 4, 480. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. "Young Goodman Brown." The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. Ed. Michael Meyer. 5th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2000. 268-276. Locke, John. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. New York: Penguin, 1974. Meyer, Michael, ed. "A Study of Three Authors: Nathaniel Hawthorne, Flannery O’Connor, and Alice Munro." The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. 5th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2000. 267. Tritt, Michael. "‘Young Goodman Brown’ and the Psychology of Projection". Studies in Short Fiction. 23 (1996): 113-117.   

Philosophy and theories Essay

Different philosophers have different ideas and theories. This has always been true. In this course, we looked at a number of different philosophers, including Russell, Christian, and Wittgenstein. Each has a unique perspective. Russell looks at philosophy as a very broad field, while others don’t. His definition places philosophy as ideas which fall between science and religion, which he says means it gets attacked from all sides. He also believes that religion has given answers which are too definite without any proof, and science tells people only what is actually true, while philosophy examines questions, to determine what might be true. Christian agrees in some areas. He, too, looks at philosophy as a way to examine questions, to figure out what is possibly true. He extends on this to say that one must also look at the relationships between ideas. He does not mention philosophy as having anything at all to do with religion and science, at least not in the way that Russell does. Wittgenstein believe something much more simple than either Russell or Christian. He looks at philosophy as â€Å"untying the knots† in one’s thinking. He looks at philosophy as answering questions, much like the others, but he doesn’t describe it in terms of religion and science like Russell, nor does he outline several different points as does Christian. Instead, he looks at philosophy as simply a way of thinking in order to understand what is going on (which he is careful to explain does not mean it is simple). In general, all these philosophers agree that philosophy is a way of thinking and of answering questions. However, they each disagree exactly where it came from and how it relates to the rest of the world. That is where philosophy is open to continued discussion.

egyptian pyramids essays

egyptian pyramids essays When most people mention Ancient Egypt the first thing that comes to mind is the Pyramids. To construct such monuments required a mastery of art, architecture and social organization that few cultures would ever rival. The pyramids are said to have built Egypt by being the force that knit together the kingdom's economy. Their creations were so substantial, that the sight of these vast pyramids would take your breath away. Today, the valley of the Nile has an open air museum so people can witness these grand monuments. Obsessed with the afterlife, Egypt's rulers of 4,500 years ago glorified themselves in stone, thereby laying the foundation of the first great nation-state. A Pyramid is an enormous machine that helps the king go through the wall of the dead, achieve resurrection and live forever in the happiness of the gods. The start of the Old Kingdom is said to be the building of the Djoser's monument. The construction of Step Pyramid of Pharaoh Djoser began around 2630 B.C. and was designed to awe the ancient Egyptians, to impress them with their rule's godlike strength. It was the world's first great construction project; indeed, it was the world's largest building. Djoser, the second king of the 3rd dynasty, hired an architect called Imhoptep who for the first time constructed a tomb completely of stone. Imhoptep is considered the preeminent genius of the Old Kingdom. He assembled one workforce to quarry limestone at the cliff of Tura, across the Nile, another to haul the stone to the site where master carvers shaped each block and put it in place. The Step Pyramid is a terraced structure rising in six unequal stages to a height of 60 meters, its base measuring 120 meters by 108 meters. The substructure has a system of underground corridors and rooms. Its main feature being a central sha...

Law without Sanctions by Michael Barkun, a summary of the book

Law without Sanctions by Michael Barkun, a summary of the book Law without Sanctions by Michael Barkun describes customs that are behavioral patterns that transform into norms and are set as rules or laws. The book hardly describes law without sanctions as the title suggests. In fact, law and its effectiveness is hardly mentioned in the book 'till the very end. However, the book mentions the valuable meaning of law and the development of law in his view.Customs can be looked as behaviors, which most people adopt because they are "modal tracks of behavioral events", as Michael Barkun says (p.82). Customs are paths of behavior that are followed. According to Barkun, law is regarded normative, in other words "prescriptive" or "value laden". Law states essential behavioral patterns.Behavior becomes tinged with obligation, which are known as rules and rules restrict and define the way subjects of the law should perform. "Rules that are recognized to be normative should be traceable to their behavioral antecedents" (p.90).NatÄ lija BarkunWe should b e able to trace customary law to the practices that gave rise to them. Law is the imposition of one group's modal practices on another group. Law is fact oriented and a fact is an event, any entity or relationship that can be located specifically in a space and time. Law contains statements of modal behavior and it was from these obligatory norms arose. Second, law contains perceptual categories through which events can be abstracted and similarly dealt with; it has the capacity for generalization.Aside from customs ripening into law, Barkun discusses a great deal about law as a third party. He regards law as a triadic relationship; an example of this is the involving of third person, like a mediator or an arbitrator. Barkun gives the example of explicit mediation. A mediator functions as a communicator between belligerents, it is an...

Career Development Course Project- Resume Essay

Career Development Course Project- Resume - Essay Example I have participated in management duties including human resource activities. With my experience in service and management duties, as well as my education, I have prepared myself to be a valuable leader at a corporate structured restaurant. OBJECTIVE: I intend to continue my career in the restaurant business, my education contributing to my work experience in such a way as to provide my employer with the best possible background to have a high achievement. Through a position in management, it is my intention to continue to offer the highest quality customer service to the patrons of the restaurant or bar that I manage. QUALIFICATIONS: I have experienced most entry level positions in the food and beverage industry. I have also had experience in aspects of management, taking on the responsibility of management duties which have included human resource management. I have managed a bar which has included the experience of managing a staff, inventory, and customer relations. As well, I have experienced the planning and execution of catering both on and off site. SKILLS: Able to do scheduling; training bartenders and servers; able to make 10 drinks in a minute; able to do inventory for bars and restaurants; able to use Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Project, Outlook and Access. The ultimate goal of my career will be to enter into the business world as the owner of a bar. To get to this place in my life, so that I have prepared myself for the experience and have the best possible chance at success, I have worked in the restaurant business, primarily behind the bar, and have pursued an education towards this goal. My primary joy in being in the food and beverage industry is in the interactions that I have with my customers. I believe that owning my own bar will give me the opportunity to give my patrons the kind of experience that I think they will most enjoy. Through creating a business venture that is designed to the way that I think customers

Random house Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Random house - Assignment Example On their part, publishers can exercise their bargaining powers by becoming the largest players in the industry through, for example, mergers and acquisitions (Bickert et al 4). Competitive rivalry is manifested by the presence of numerous publishers offering diverse products. Consolidation in book publishing affords a publisher more presence in both local and international markets, enabling them to reach a wider and more diverse market. For example, following consolidation with a publisher that focuses on a particular language or of area of interest, the parent company will be able to bring the market targeted by its new merger or acquisition into its profitable operations (Bickert et al 5). Based on the operations, for example, of a publisher that targets a Spanish-speaking market, the benefits can be considerably large, since the Spanish-speaking market is wide-spread. Another example of a large benefit would be consolidation with a publisher that targets the Chinese market, where 51 percent of citizens in China live in cities with stable consumption of education in the form of published books. Random House’s five elements of strategy included digitalization; internationalization; mergers and acquisitions; strengthening of the core business; and responding to the shifting consumption of media (Bickert et al 5). Digitalization would ensure that they conform to the emerging trend of online reading and, hence remain relevant in the industry. Internationalization was meant to reach a wider, global market while mergers and acquisitions would facilitate the internationalization strategy. Strengthening of the core business meant that the existing assets for example the 20-meter high warehouse, would continue being in use while responding to shifting media use meant the publisher would serve emerging markets as well. The main benefits Random House draws from being part of a corporate parent like Bertelsmann is that it operates

Abrahams Promise by Michael Wyschogrod Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Abrahams Promise by Michael Wyschogrod - Essay Example This book is also an attempt by the author to bring Jews and Christians together and this he has done by raising logical questions that reflect upon their profound sameness rather than their deep differences. Kendall has not argued about the similarities or differences that Christians eagerly claim their Jewish faith roots, but he has endeavored a reason to consider that what escorts Jews to understand Christian theological concepts and why there is a need for the Christians to learn about treating minorities with dignity. This book reveals how the gap that has built over centuries should be bridged in order to gain an in depth understanding of both communities. Declaring the reason behind Gods love, Kendall points out what God expect from humans is the divine acknowledgement of their relation of their bodies with their souls, and since God believes in a free love, he has never limited humans. As a matter of fact, God himself is never limited to any particular genealogy. He had always possessed the right not to select Abrahams descendants as chosen ones or to replace his chosen ones with any other people not chosen. Kendall portrays Abraham, Issac and Jacobs God and presents before the readers a notion that God selected Israel as he loved Abraham descendants and chose them from among all groups. According to Kendall â€Å"God wanted a people who could not leave him† (Kendall, 2004: 50). For this reason Kendall points out that God favored and loved Israel in the same manner as a man loves a woman or his wife. What Kendall wants the reader to contemplate upon is the question he addresses that what caused God to choose a biological family rather than a community of faith (ibid). Wyschogrods perspective of the Jewish community is an answer to the above question, that suggests that God chose community of family is that of Abrahams descendants that elucidates Gods school of thought to

A Comparison of Competencies between Associate and Bachelor Degreed Nursing Graduates Essay Example for Free

A Comparison of Competencies between Associate and Bachelor Degreed Nursing Graduates Essay Nursing is complex, and within the profession there are many spectrums of career possibilities. Nursing is based on a foundation of caring and what draws many to the profession is a commitment of service. The knowledge and education sought to prepare nurses however differs between the two â€Å"entry† level paths of associate degreed nurses and baccalaureate degree nurses and thus forms a difference in the way they perform their professional practice. Associate Degreed Nurses Associate degree nursing programs were developed in the early 1950’s as a response to postwar shortages (Creasia, Friberg. 2011) they were intended to be two years in duration and designed to prepare the graduate for bedside care in the secondary setting. These program quickly became successful and programs spread across the United States at a record pace. The associate degree program were found to be clinically sound and offered heavily hands on approach, they traditionally graduate nurses that are task oriented and perform well. Associate graduates are tested via the NCLEX after program completion to obtain licensure. The associate degreed path remains the major point of entry into the profession today. The educational prerequisite of the associate degree nursing program are not as robust in sciences often eliminating the need for organic chemistry and advanced mathematics. The associate degree nursing path also is remedial as compared to the BSN in the liberal arts, often leaving the graduate with subpar communication skills when compared to the BSN counterpart. Baccalaureate Degreed Nurses Baccalaureate degree programs are traditionally structured as four year programs with the nursing clinical focus at the latter two years. Programs differ from Associate programs in that there are courses required which  focus on the professional development of the student, and thus the growth of the profession. Baccalaureate programs prepare the graduate for scopes beyond bedside care. Leadership and research roles favor the bachelors prepared graduate. The advanced professional focus allows the graduate to view the practice beyond the task orientation of the associate degreed nurse. A comparison study (Ginger, N. Davidhizar, R., 1990) found that baccalaureate nurses were more concerned with research methodology, teaching of the individual and the group, and community assessments. The study concluded that the baccalaureate nurse was more process driven than the task oriented associate degreed nurses. Healthcare today is composed of a multiple disciplinary team of practitioners with varied levels of education, preparing nurses at the minimum of the baccalaureate level has been a push of many professional organizations. Recent research (Aiken, 2008) has confirmed a strong link in the educational level of nurses and improvement in patient mortality. The study found when the institution increased the percentage of baccalaureate prepared nurses by 10% that the corresponding mortality decreased by 4%. Practical Comparison One of the situational comparisons that I feel would demonstrate the practice focus differences of the two educational preparations is in dealing with imminent death and dying. Throughout the career of any healthcare provider we will be faced with this challenge, and while there are many task associated with the algorithm of advanced life support or complexity of the hospice patient, there are multiple psych social aspects to consider. The baccalaureate nurses educational preparation allows her to focus on the causes of the underlying pathophysiology, understand the chemistry of the multiple medications involved and problem solve for alternative treatments is initially unsuccessful. The baccalaureate nurse is able to communicate effectively with the healthcare team and reassuringly guide the family thru this difficult process. In my years of practice I feel that clinical experience and confidence can elevate the associate degreed nurse to a comparable level in this situation as well but I have seen that the baccalaureate graduate achieves this standard well before the counterpart. Patient presentation has become more complex and the array of treatments available seems almost endless. Our patients and their families deserve the  best outcomes from the best prepared team.

Housing Development Legal Issues

Housing Development Legal Issues Architectural BIM Technology Table of Contents (Jump to) Executive Summary 1.0 Introduction 2.0 St Johns College Respond housing Development 3.0 Evaluation of Legal issues 4.0 Conservation Protected structures 5.0 Duty of Care 6.0 Scope of Works 7.0 Boundary Disputes 8.0 Reflective Learning Bibliography Table of Cases Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 Hymany [Pontoon] Ltd -v- Galkil Ltd t/a Impact Developments IEHC 188 Dempsey Anor -v- Waterford Corporation [2008] IEHC 55 (29 February 2008) Cite as: [2008] IEHC 55 List of Images Fig 1 http://www.mythenconstruction.ie/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/St-Johns-College-Waterford.jpg Fig 2 http://waterfordireland.tripod.com/stjohnscollege.jpg Fig 3 http://maps.osi.ie/publicviewer/#V1,661050,611123,7,10 Fig 4 http://maps.osi.ie/publicviewer/#V1,661050,611123,7,14 Fig 5 http://maps.osi.ie/publicviewer/#V1,661050,611123,7,11 Fig 6- http://waterfordcouncil.maps.arcgis.com/apps/Solutions/s2.html?appid=c6d45bb300e6463db7e9c6bd1df43441 Fig 7 http://waterfordcouncil.maps.arcgis.com/apps/Solutions/s2.html?appid=c6d45bb300e6463db7e9c6bd1df43441 Fig 8 http://waterfordcouncil.maps.arcgis.com/apps/Solutions/s2.html?appid=c6d45bb300e6463db7e9c6bd1df43441 Executive Summary This document will focus on identifying expanding and exploring legal issues which may be encountered regarding the housing development by Respond in partnership with Department of Environment, Local Government and Communities. The project is to consist of 21 apartments in the upper level of the existing St Johns College building and 36 new apartments in a newly build block which will be located on the college site at Richardson’s Folly, Waterford. Mythen construction will be the contractors on site for the project which started in December 2013. The legal issues which will be focus of the project are Conservation Protected structures, Duty of Care, Scope of works and Boundary disputes. Each area will be outlined within the document and furthermore expanded on in order to outline methods of resolving such issues. Legal literature regarding both construction and general law will be used as will appropriate case law in order to widen the scope and provide a more general view of the issues. 1.0 Introduction The main aim of this document is to identify, evaluate and expand on â€Å"the main legal issues likely to arise in relation to the respond housing association development at St Johns College, Richardson’s Folly, and Waterford.† The document will explore legal issues related to Architecture which may occur or be encountered by both an Architect and Architectural Technician on site during the duration of the project mentioned above. In evaluating these issues, past legal cases associated to the topics will be reviewed in order to provide a clearer view of the issues in question, to the relevant laws and how these issues can be resolved. Guidance will also be provided in terms of how these issues can be dealt with and also how they can be foreseen and eliminated at an early stage in the future as to avoid any disputes between all parties involved in the project whether these disputes happen on or off site. Prior to the breakdown of the issues which may arise a short overv iew of St Johns College, the history of the college and a breakdown of the project undertaken by Respond will be outlined in order to provide a wider scope of the project as a whole. 2.0 St Johns College Respond housing Development St Johns College is a Catholic seminary which as mentioned, is located at Richardson’s Folly in Waterford. The college which was founded in 1880 for the Waterford/Lismore diocese. The college was made up of two schools the first being a classical school run by Rev. Thomas Flynn and the second an Academy run by Dr. Geoffrey Keating. The College closed in closed in 1999 due to lack of activity and vocations with the remaining students transferred. In 2007 it was announced that Respond Housing association in partnership with Department of Environment, Local Government and Communities had acquired sections of the site which is a protected structure of approximately 3900sq.m with a proposal of redeveloping the building into social housing. Mythen construction began works on site in December 2013. The development as it stands is to consist of the retrofit/redevelopment of the existing college building which is to include 21 apartments on the upper floors with a new building located on site which will house 36 new apartments (2400 sq.m approx.) the redevelopment will also include communal facilities. Below are images of the proposed and existing buildings with 3 OSI maps showing the site location and the proposed new site. Proposed development Fig 1 Existing building – Fig2 OSI Site plan – Fig 3 Existing building- Fig 4 Proposed new site Fig 5 3.0 Evaluation of Legal issues The following are the legal issues which will be identified, evaluated and expanded on. As mentioned these issues will be broken down in order to identify how these issues can arise, how they can be dealt with and how they can be prevented in the future. Previous legal cases, Legal literature regarding construction and general legal resources will be used to further the reasoning behind such issues and how they may arise. Conservation Protected structures Duty of Care Scope of Works Trespass Boundary Dispute 4.0 Conservation Protected structures The first area to be explored is conservation and protected structures. As the main college building is a protected structure this without doubt will be an issue associated with a project. When a project is undertaken which involves conservation or that of a protected structure it is essential to have an architect who has some experience in conservation or dealing with protected structures. As stated in the Irish Planning and Development act 2000 â€Å"Each owner and each occupier shall, to the extent consistent with the rights and obligations arising out of their respective interests in a protected structure or a proposed protected structure, ensure that the structure, or any element of it which contributes to its special architectural, historical, archaeological, artistic, cultural, scientific, social or technical interest, is not endangered†[1]. In keeping with the statement above it is important for a conservation survey to be carried out on the structure prior to commence ment in order to ensure no part of the building is endangered. If with the project in question there is need to either for an addition or deletion an addition as stated by the Irish Planning and Development act 2000 â€Å"in the case of an addition, the addition is necessary or desirable in order to protect a structure, or part of a structure, of special architectural, historical, archaeological, artistic, cultural, scientific, social or technical interest, whether or not a recommendation has been made under section 53[2]† On the other hand in terms of a deletion the 2000 act states â€Å"in the case of a deletion, the protection of the structure or part is no longer warranted† In order to avoid any disputes or breach of regulations it is essential to carry out work on a protected structure with a high degree of care. It is in everyone’s best interests to ensure that a protected structure is well maintained and preserved accordingly which in turn can eliminate any potential problems which may be encountered during the durati on of construction stage. 5.0 Duty of Care Duty of care can be defined as person or person’s responsibility to act with the same level of care, attention and cautiousness as a person in a similar situation when carrying out an act, ensuring that there is no possibly of danger or endangerment. For example a designer should strive to achieve the same level of competency as a designer within the same discipline when carrying out works ensuring that he has carried out the associated works with a reasonable amount of care. For example if an Architect fails to comply with building regulations this can be seen as a breach of his/her duty of care given that they have failed to ensure the safety of the building occupants once works have been completed failure to comply with such regulations may also lead to potential damage to the building.[3] When it comes to any kind of building project there will always be a duty of care whether it be to the structure itself, to the client and the persons working on the site. Both the contra ctor and Architect hold a duty of care in terms of the proposed development being fit for purpose and also that the construction has been carried out in a competent manor including the drawings which were prepared for the project. To give an example in terms of duty of care being breached by one party if the contractor feels as though the Architect is incompetent and that his/her drawings are not too a standard in which can be used to successfully and safely carry out the associated works the contractor may feel that the Architect is in breach of their duty of care and vice versa if the contractor/builder is not constructing the building in a safe and sufficient manner then the architect may feel the builder is in breach of his/her duty of care. In terms of an example of duty of care outside of construction the case of case of Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 is a fitting example as it came down to that it was the manufacturers duty of care to ensure the product was fit for human consumption and when it subsequently was found to not be fit for human consumption it was proven that it was a breach of duty of care on the manufactures side. [4] To ensure there are no disputes regarding duty of care it is crucial that all parties involved from the design team to the construction team are competent enough with their responsibilities to sufficiently successfully and safely complete the project without breaching their duty of care and also that they understand they have a duty of care and that this must be adhered too. 6.0 Scope of Works As per the RIAI Standard form of contract 2012 review by Tony Cunningham[5] scope of works can be defined as â€Å"The contractor must complete the works in accordance with the Contract Documents to the satisfaction of the Architect. The contractor must also comply with Architects Instructions†[6]. Prior to works commencing on the Respond housing development at St Johns College all works to be completed would have been outlined within the contract such as the contractor’s roles and responsibilities on site as well as off site. Cunningham also goes onto mention within the review that if the contractor fails to deliver the specified works outlined then he/she may be held liable with the cost of such implications either being added to or reduced from the contract sum. The Architect also holds the power to appoint a new contractor to site in order to complete the unfinished works left by the previous contractor whilst also charging incomplete work to the original contractor . Given the scale of the project at St Johns College this could potentially be a problem during the duration of the works. In the case of Hymany [Pontoon] Ltd -v- Galkil Ltd t/a Impact Developments [2011] IEHC 188[7] although the contractor had failed to complete some of the work which was outlined within the contract the judge deemed that the contractor could not be held responsible given the fact the scope of works outlined in the contract was broad and with very little specificity. Hymany [Pontoon] Ltd -v- Galkil Ltd t/a Impact Developments shows how in order for the contractor to fulfill the scope of works correctly it is essential that the scope of works is carefully outlined in depth in order to eliminate confusion which in turn could cause a dispute between the architect and contractors or vice versa. 7.0 Boundary Disputes When it comes to diputes involving boundarys there can be a number of factors or variables involved. In most cases involving boundary disputes it comes down to incorrect mapping which defines the boundarys of a site in position which in reality it may not be the correct position[8]. In order to attempt to define where a boundary lies the deployment of a professional surveyor to give his/her opinion on where the boundary lies may be crucial at the early stage in terms of elimating future disputes regarding the asscoiated boundary. In terms of St Johns College respond development from the pictures below the site of the develoment is outlined in blue with a smaller site also outlined in Fig6. There could potenially be a dispute if it is taken that the new development enchroaches onto the smaller site as this could also fall under prtivate nuisance. If there is no visible boundary between the two sites at St Johns College this may also cause a potenial dispute. In order to reslove a boun dary dispute it will take a combination of both surveyors and lawyers. The lawyers will provided the releavnt information regarding the deeds and documentation which the surveyor will use in their investiagtion into providing the legal position of the boundary. The majority of boundary disputes can also be resolved using mediation as it can keep a civil relationship between both parties while preventing costly legal fees.[9] [10] St Johns Boundary – Fig 6 Proposed Site Boundary – Fig 7 Secondary Site – Fig 8 8.0 Reflective Learning Overall given the scale of the St Johns College project it is highly likely that one or more of these issues will arise on site during the duration of the project. Although the issues mentioned can be resolved it can also be a lot more difficult to anticipate them. In saying this there are, as mentioned, ways in which they can be dealt with early on to try and avoid any disputes and intern make for a easier more succesful project but this does not always happen on bigger projects.The majority of the issues which are encountered on and off site on projects can be eliminated through good detailed planning and also ensuring all parties undertand the terms outlined in the various contracts asscoiated with the works. The legal issues exlpored within the document have provided a wider scope personally which is very benifical in terms of the future and future employment as I now have a greater understanding of what each one entails. I feel as though the project as whole was worthwhile and r ewarding.I feel as though my ability to compile a document of this nature has improved as has my general knowledge of contracts law and construction law. Bibliography Textbooks – Canny, J (2001).Construction and Building Law. Dublin: Round Hall Ltd. p23-27..57- 62 Speight, A Stone, G. (1996). The English Law of Tort. In: Speight, A Stone, G Architects Legal Handbook. 6th ed. Great Britain: Reed Educational Professional Publishing Ltd 1996. Scriven, J, Pritchard, N, Delmon, J (1999).A Contractual Guide to Major Construction Projects. London: Sweet Maxwell. Part 2 p8-21 Part 3 p17-32. Websites Base Surveys Ltd. (2010).Causes of Boundary Disputes.Available: http://www.baselinesurveys.ie/Causes of Boundary Disputes.html. Last accessed 18th March 2015 Cunningham, T. (2013).The RIAI Standard Form of Contract 2012 Edition: a Review.Available: http://arrow.dit.ie/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1005context=beschreoth. Last accessed 18th March 2015. Irish Planning Development Act 200. (2000).Planning Development Act 2000.Available: http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2000/en/act/pub/0030/sec0058.html#sec58 Last Accessed 18th March 2015 Irish Planning Development Act 200. (2000).Planning Development Act 2000.Available: http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2000/en/act/pub/0030/sec0054.html#sec54. Last accessed 18th March 2015 OReilly, N, Shine, P. (2013).Beyond the bounds: resolving boundary disputes.Available: http://www.surveyorsjournal.ie/index.php/beyond-bounds-resolving-boundary-disputes/. Last accessed 18th March 2015 Journals – Smith, H. (2011). Construction dispute avoidance newsletter. Available: http://www.herbertsmithfreehills.com/-/media/HS/T21121146.pdf. Last accessed 5th March 2014 1 [1] http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2000/en/act/pub/0030/sec0058.html#sec58 [2] http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2000/en/act/pub/0030/sec0054.html#sec54 [3] Construction dispute avoidance newsletter http://www.herbertsmithfreehills.com/-/media/HS/T21121146.pdf [4] Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 [5] Tony Cunningham Dublin Institute of Technology [6] http://arrow.dit.ie/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1005context=beschreoth [7] Hymany [Pontoon] Ltd -v- Galkil Ltd t/a Impact Developments IEHC 188 [8] http://www.baselinesurveys.ie/Causes of Boundary Disputes.html [9] http://www.surveyorsjournal.ie/index.php/beyond-bounds-resolving-boundary-disputes/ [10] http://waterfordcouncil.maps.arcgis.com/apps/Solutions/s2.html?appid=c6d45bb300e6463db7e9c6bd1df43441